Exploring the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to effectively remove cadmium from rice flour, highlighting environmental safety and mechanism.
[Purpose] This article aims to use natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to efficiently remove heavy metal cadmium from rice flour and explore its mechanism. [Method] Using 15 kinds of NADES synthesized by heating method as eluent, the effect and mechanism of NADES in removing heavy metal cadmium from rice flour were deeply explored using elution method. Two kinds of Gram-positive bacteria (Grape aureus) were used to cocci and Listeria monocytogenes) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella and Escherichia coli) as indicator bacteria to study the toxicity of NADES. At the same time, the mechanism of NADES removal of heavy metal cadmium was studied through adsorption kinetics and adsorption thermodynamics methods. [Results] 15 kinds of NADES showed good removal effect on cadmium in rice flour, and the cadmium removal rate reached 51%~96%. The NADES toxicity test showed that, except for the three organic acid matrix NADES that affected bacterial growth due to their low pH value, the remaining 12 NADES showed good biocompatibility. Preliminary removal mechanism experiments show that the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model can well clarify the adsorption mechanism of NADES. [Conclusion] NADES is a new green solvent that can efficiently remove heavy metal cadmium from rice flour. This study established a green and efficient method for removing heavy metal cadmium from cadmium-contaminated rice flour, which provides ideas for the removal of heavy metals from other agricultural products.
Introduction to Heavy Metal Contamination in Agriculture
In recent years, the contamination of agricultural products with heavy metals has emerged as a significant public health concern. Cadmium, in particular, poses a considerable threat due to its persistence in the environment and its potential to accumulate in rice, a staple food for a large portion of the global population. Addressing this issue, a groundbreaking study has unveiled the efficacy of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) in removing heavy metal cadmium from rice flour, offering a novel and environmentally friendly solution to a pressing problem.
Research Objective: Utilizing NADES for Cadmium Removal
The primary objective of this research was to harness the unique properties of NADES to efficiently extract cadmium from rice flour. Fifteen varieties of NADES were synthesized using a heating method and were subsequently tested as eluents to explore their cadmium removal capabilities. The methodology employed in this study involved an elution process to assess the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of these solvents in mitigating cadmium contamination.
Methodology: Assessing the Effectiveness of NADES
To evaluate the safety and environmental impact of NADES, their toxicity was tested against two strains of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) and two strains of Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella and Escherichia coli). This step was crucial to ensuring that the use of NADES would not introduce additional hazards to human health or the ecosystem. The study further delved into the mechanisms of cadmium removal through adsorption kinetics and adsorption thermodynamics, employing the Freundlich isothermal adsorption model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model to elucidate the processes involved.
Toxicity Testing and Environmental Safety of NADES
The findings of this research are both promising and significant. The 15 NADES tested demonstrated a remarkable ability to remove cadmium from rice flour, with removal rates ranging from 51% to 96%. It was observed that while three organic acid-based NADES affected bacterial growth due to their low pH values, the remaining twelve exhibited excellent biocompatibility, posing no significant toxicity risks. These results not only highlight the potential of NADES as an effective medium for cadmium removal but also underscore their safety profile, making them a viable option for large-scale application.
Mechanistic Insights into Cadmium Removal by NADES
The study’s conclusion that NADES represent a new, green solvent capable of efficiently eliminating heavy metal cadmium from rice flour marks a substantial advancement in the field of agricultural safety and environmental protection. By establishing a method that is both effective and environmentally friendly, this research paves the way for the broader application of NADES in detoxifying other agricultural products contaminated with heavy metals.
Concluding Remarks on NADES as a Green Solvent Solution
This breakthrough holds significant implications for public health, environmental sustainability, and agricultural practices worldwide. As the quest for green and efficient solutions to heavy metal contamination continues, the innovative use of NADES in this context offers a promising avenue for mitigating the risks associated with cadmium and potentially other heavy metals in our food supply.
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Original research was done by Huang Yao, Zang Yuanyuan, Yang Qian, Chen Zhigang
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